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Harappan art 2500 1800 BC

Also known as the bronze age
Architecture refers to designing of and construction of buildings where are the sculpture is a three-dimensional work of art
In architecture ,various types of materials are used that is a stone , wood, glass, metal etc .where as sculpture is made of single piece of material.
Architecture involves study of engineering And Engineering Mathematics and depends upon measurements, where as sculpture involves creativity and imagination , may not depend on measurements.

I-SEALS

Are a square or rectangular or circular or triangular piece of material mainly stone with an average size of 2”x2” .dominantly square seals were found on them ,we find pictographic scripts along with animal Impressions which are yet to be deciphered.
Seals are made up of steatite (a river soft stone ) . Evidences of Copper Gold and Ivory seals has also been found in some instances
5 signs or symbols on an average are present on a seal
Direction of writing is right to left
Seals are decorated with animal motif such as Unicorn bull , rhinoceros ,tiger ,elephant, goat, buffalo, etc (except cow)
Inscription of human figure are present on both side of the seals,even in some cases they are present on all 3 sides.

Significance /purpose of seal

mainly used as unit of trade and Commerce
Also used as amulets for productive and spiritual purpose(mainly Copper),dead bodies found had a hole for wearing them
Also used as an educational tool
Example Pashupati seals and Unicorn seals

II -Terracotta figures (sculptures)

Terracotta are fired baked clay
These figures are handmade using punching methods
For example mother goddess ,toys cards with wheels, birds and animals etc

III-Bronze sculptures

Bronze casting was practised on a wide scale under Harappan art
The technique used for Casting is known as “lost wax technique”
Under this technique at first wax figures are covered with a coating of clay and allowed to dry. Then it is heated and molten wax is allowed to drain out through a tiny hole at the bottom of the clay cover .the hollow mould is then filled with bronze or any other metal . Once the metal is cooled the clay is removed
Evacuations where it was prominent

Kalibangan presently Rajasthan
Daimabad presently Maharashtra
Harappa

Example -Bronze dancing girl

It is a naked girl wearing only ornaments which include bangles , armlets & necklace the left hand is on the hip. It is made using lost wax technique

Others stone sculpture

Bearded priest
Male torso (red sandstone)

IV- POTTERY

Red and black pottery(painted pottery)
It consists of mainly wheel made wares. Very
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few are handmade

The more common is plain pottery

Under red and black pottery red colour was used to paint the background and black colour to draw design of trees, birds, animals, human figures and other geometrical patterns

Uses of pottery

For household purpose (storage of water ,food grains )
For decoration -miniature vessel used for decoration
Used for perforated pottery
Large hole at the bottom and small holes all over the wall and was probably used for straining liquor .

V-ORNAMENTS

They are made up of a large variety of material ranging from precious metals, gemstones, bone and even baked clay
Necklace armlets and finger rings were common and worn by both males and females .while women wore a earings and anklets evidences of dead bodies Burried along with ornaments have also been found.
Harrapans were also conscious of fashion ( as different hairstyles ,wearing of a beard etc have been found
Cinnabar was used as a Cosmetic lipstick, Face paints and even eyeliner were also known to them.
Spinning of cotton and wool was common among Harappan

VI- EXTENSIVE TOWN PLANNING

Houses were build of baked bricks, of fixed size.
Use of stone and wood in building has also been found
The concept of two storied houses were also present
Public Bath was a common feature example great bath at Mohenjo Daro ,it had galleries and rooms on all sides.
Granaries was another important creation which used to be located in Citadel .there construction was so intelligent that strategic conduct and platform can be found.
Drainage system of Harappa was note worthy .there was a temporary cover to drains,underground
Roads use to cut at right angles

Important Personalities and Movements

1 Keshab Chander Sen :-

was an Indian Bengali Hindu philosopher and social reformer who

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attempted to incorporate Christian theology within the framework of Hindu thought.He was born on 19th November 1838 in Kolkata. He was a descendant of the medieval Sena kings of Bengal.

Climate Change

National Environmental
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Appraisal and Monitoring Authority has been setup

India UK

UK-India Business Climate Leaders Group has been constituted. Comprising of leading CEOs the group will work on synergystic business for carbon reduction and joint work to evolve national emission reduction strategies.

FDI could be streamlined into low carbon initiatives.

Wars and Treaties

War	Year	Treaty	Gov General	Battles et al
Anglo Marathas
First	1775-82	Began: Treaty of Surat End: Treaty of Salbai	Warren Hastings	Battle of Wadgaon
Second	1803-05	Began: treaty of Bassein	Lord Wellesley	Battle of Assaye
Third	1816-19	Treaty of Gwalior	Subscribe on YouTube width="111">Marquess of Hastings	Battle of Pindari End of Peshwa rule

Join Our Telegram Channel width="129">Anglo French
First	1746-48	Treaty of Aix-la-Chepelle	Reason: Austrian succession in Europe	1746: Battle of Adyar/San Thome
Second	1749-54		War of succession between Nasir Jung (English) and Muzaffar Jung (French) after death of Nizam	1749: Battle of Ambur Rise of Robert Clive
Third	1758-63	Treaty of Paris	Reason: 7 years war in Europe	1760: Battle of Wandiwash (French defeat)

Anglo Mysore
First	1766-69
Second	1780-1784	Treaty of Mangalore	Warren Hastings	After death of Hyder Ali in 1782 Tipu led the war
Third	1789-92	Treaty of Seringapatnam	Cornwallis	Defeat of Tipu
Fourth	1799		Wellesley	Battle of Seringapatnam. Death of Tipu.

Anglo Sikh War
First	1845-46	Treaty of Lahore	Hardinge
Second	1848-49		Dalhousie	Final Subjugation of the Sikhs

INDIAN THEATRE

Origins

Origins of Indian theatre not very well known
Drawings on caves show that dance, music and drama were an intrinsic part of the life of the people
Sitabengona and Jogimara (Ramgarh, MP) have structures that are possibly the oldest theatres of the world
IVC: a seal shows a person beating drum while other disguised as a tiger
A few hymns of the Rig Veda are in the monologue
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and dialogue form
Natyashastra evolved some guidelines for drama

Economic Terms

Depository Receipt

A depositary receipt (DR) is a type of negotiable (transferable) financial security

that is traded on a local stock exchange but represents a security, usually in the form of equity, that is issued by a foreign publicly listed company. The DR, which is a physical certificate, allows investors to hold shares in equity of other countries. One of the most common types of DRs is the American depositary receipt (ADR), which has been offering companies, investors and traders global investment opportunities since the 1920s.

ART

Different schools of art compared

Art & Architecture

Harappan

Drainage system
Rectangular intersecting roads
Sanitary system

Ancient History

Indus Valley Civilization

Discovered in 1921
Belonged to the bronze age
An area of about 1.3 mn sq km
Existed between 3300-1600 BC in three phases: early, mature and

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late phases
Sites

services sector

Probable questions:

What is the contribution of services sector to India’s economy?
Do you think India is over-tertiarised?